مجلة أجسر – مجلة عربية محكمة في مجال العلوم – زورو موقعنا

فطر يزرع بكتيريا

سلسلة روائع الكائنات الدقيقة (2)
الكاتب

الكاتبون : أ. د. عبدالرؤوف المناعمة - روان حسن ريدة

دكتوراه في الأحياء الدقيقة/الجامعة الإسلامية - فلسطين

الوقت

01:02 مساءً

تاريخ النشر

26, أبريل 2019

وَصَفَ المؤرخون الثورةَ الزراعيةَ منذُ بدايتها قبل عشرة آلاف سنة بأنها فترةُ الانتقالِ من مجتمعٍ قائمٍ على الصيدِ والتجميعِ إلى مجتمعٍ مرتكزٍ على الزراعةِ الثابتة.

وقد دام الاعتقادُ السائدُ أنَّ الزراعةَ سِمةٌ مُمَيِّزةٌ للإنسان لوقتٍ ليس ببعيد، حتى توفرت الدلائلُ على انخراطِ بعض الكائنات في زراعة وتنمية كائناتٍ أخرى، مثل النمل الأبيض على سبيل المثال، فهو يقومُ بتنميةِ فطرٍ من جنس التيرمايتومايسيز  Termitomycesحيث تمتلك قرى النملِ الأبيضِ بُنيةً معقدةً أقربُ ما تكون للدفيئات الزراعية المنظمة للغاية. أي أنها بيئةٌ يمكنُ التحكمُ بدرجةِ الحرارة والرطوبة داخلها، وبالتالي فإنَّ النملَ الأبيضَ يُقدَّمُ للفطرِ البيئةَ الأمثل لضمانِ نموه وازدهاره، والفطر بدوره يساعدُ النملَ الأبيض في إنتاجِ الغذاء، إضافة إلى أنَّ الفطرَ نفسه عبارة عن غذاء غني بالنيتروجين.

سنتطرقُ في هذا المقال لنموذجٍ آخرٍ متعلقٍ بالزراعة، لا يتضمن الإنسان أو الحيوان، بل ميكروبات بحتة، وهي تنميةُ فطرُ المورشيلا كراسايبسMorchella Crassipes  والذي يُعرف أيضاً باسم "فطر موريل ذو القدم السميكة" لبكتيريا السودوموناس بوتيدا (الزائفة الكريهة)Pseudomonas Putida  الشائعة في التربة. فيما يلي خمس خصائص للزراعة البشرية يستخدمها فطر موريل في زراعة بكتيريا الزائفة الكريهة-وفقاً لنتائج دراسة سويسرية:

  1. التنمية   

يتم تعريف "التنمية" في الزراعة البشرية على أنها تحسين ظروف نمو المحصول. وقد افترض فريق البحث أن فطر موريل يُنمِّي بكتيريا الزائفة الكريهة عن طريق تزويدها بإفرازات فطرية. ولاختبار الفكرة، قام الفريق بإدراج الكربون بعد تمييزه بعلامة (Lsotopic Labeling) داخل الفطر ثم عمدوا إلى تتبع تدفق المغذيات، ولاحظوا أن الكربون الفطري ارتحل من الفطر إلى البكتيريا. وقد تبين أن بكتيريا الزائفة الكريهة قد نمت بصورةٍ كبيرةٍ بمساعدةِ فطر موريل مقارنةً بنموها دونه. أي أن المركبات التي ينتجها الفطر قد ساهمت فعلاً في تنمية البكتيريا.

  1. الحصاد  

بعد حوالي سبعة أيام من التعايش الفطري-البكتيري، لاحظ الفريق البحثي تلاشي تعددات البكتريا، في حين شكَّلت الفطريات هياكلَ ذات جدر صلبة تسمىSclerotia . ولإثبات أن الفطريات تتلقى فائدة من البكتيريا، قام الباحثون بوضع علامة على جزيئات الكربون في الجلوكوز ولاحظوا الجزيئات ذات العلامات المميزة وهي تنتقل من البكتيريا إلى الفطريات. هذه الدراسة هي الأولى التي تثبت انتقال الكربون من البكتيريا إلى الفطريات. ومن المحتمل أن الفطر يقوم بالتنصت على الإشارات بين البكتيريا ليتعرف على كثافتها العددية قبل الشروع بحصادها.

  1. التخزين   

استنتج فريق البحث أن فطر الموريل يستخدم هياكله ذات الجدر الصلبة (Sclerotia) ليقوم بتخزين الكربون المستخلص من البكتيريا للوقت الذي تكون فيه الموارد الخارجية شحيحة، وأقرب مثال لذلك هو صومعة الحبوب عند البشر. قام الباحثون كذلك بغسل هياكل التخزين مراراً واكتشفوا أن مئات الآلاف من البكتيريا مرتبطة بتلك الهياكل، أي أن فطر الموريل قد حقق المنفعة بأقل جهد ممكن.

  1. النشر والتوزيع

مثلما يقوم المزارعون بنشر المحاصيل المرغوب تنميتها عبر حقولهم، يقوم فطر موريل بتوظيف الهيفات (Hyphae) – وهي الخيوط الفطرية الشبيهة بالجذور والتي تمتد في التربة- ليساعد البكتيريا في استخدامها كطرق سريعة؛ مما يُسهِّل حركتها بكفاءة فتنتقل من منطقة لأخرى في التربة.

  1. تقسيم العمل

يشبه إلى حد كبير تقسيم العمل في المجتمعات البشرية، فتقوم أجزاء من فطر موريل بتنمية البكتيريا بينما تساعد أجزاء أخرى على تخزين الكربون للاستخدام في المستقبل. هذا النظام شبيه إلى حد ما بالنظم الزراعية البشرية، حيث يتم نقل الأغذية من الحقول لتتم معالجتها وبيعها في المتاجر. تُعَدُ البكتيريا والفطريات المكوناتِ الرئيسية للنبيت الميكروبي الخاص بالتربة. وقد أنجزت الأبحاثُ المختصةُ بهذا النبيت مرحلةَ استكشافٍ سريعةٍ بفضلِ التقنيةِ المتطورة والرخيصة نسبياً. يسعى العلماء الآن لكشف الغطاء عن مزيدٍ من المفاهيم والآليات لما يحدث بين الميكروبات الموجودة في التربة. وهذه الدراسة هي خطوة مهمة في هذا الاتجاه.

­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­المرجع

 

البريد الالكتروني: rawaaan10001@gmail.com | elmanama_144@yahoo.com

الزوار الكرام: يسعدنا مشاركتكم وتواصلكم حول هذا المقال

ترخيص عام

الموقع قائم على مبدأ الترخيص العام للجمهور في حرية النسخ والنقل والاقتباس من جميع المحتويات والنشرات والكتب والمقالات، دون مقابل وبشكل مجاني أبدي، شريطة أن يكون العمل المستفيد من النسخ أو النقل أو الاقتباس متاحا بترخيص مجاني وبذات شروط هذا الموقع، وأن تتم الاشارة إلى منشورنا وفق الأصول العلمية، ذكرا للكاتب والعنوان والموقع والتاريخ.

هذا والموقع يساعد المؤلف على نشر إنتاجه بلا مقابل من منفعة معنوية أو مادية، شريطة أن يكون العمل متوفراً للنسخ أو النقل أو الاقتباس للجمهور بشكل مجاني. ثم إن التكاليف التي يتكبدها الموقع والعاملون عليه تأتي من مساعدات ومعونات يقبلها الموقع ما لم تكن مرتبطة بأي شرط مقابل تلك المعونات.

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