{"id":47394,"date":"2025-09-29T13:05:42","date_gmt":"2025-09-29T10:05:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/arsco.org\/?post_type=articles&#038;p=47394"},"modified":"2025-09-29T13:10:57","modified_gmt":"2025-09-29T10:10:57","slug":"%d8%b1%d8%b4%d8%af%d9%8a-%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b4%d8%af-%d8%b9%d8%a7%d8%b4%d9%82-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%91%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%ab-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%b1%d8%a8%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d8%b3%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%85","status":"publish","type":"articles","link":"https:\/\/arsco.org\/en\/articles\/article-detail-47394\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0631\u0634\u062f\u064a \u0631\u0627\u0634\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0634\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"direction: rtl;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #008080;\">\u0648\u064f\u0644\u0650\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0633\u0648\u0631\u00a0<strong>\u0631\u064f\u0634\u062f\u064a \u0631\u0627\u0634\u062f<\/strong>\u00a0\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1936\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0645\u064e\u0644 \u0634\u063a\u064e\u0641\u064e\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u064f\u0631\u0633\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0644\u064a\u064f\u0635\u0628\u0650\u062d \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644. \u0648\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0633\u0645\u0647 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0644\u0642\u064e \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0651\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0651\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0651\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u064e\u062a \u0628\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u062d\u062a\u0652\u0647 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u0644\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u0639\u0650\u0644\u0645\u0647 \u0648\u0625\u0633\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0647.<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u064f\u0646 \u0631\u064f\u0634\u062f\u064a \u0631\u0627\u0634\u062f \u0645\u062c\u0631\u0651\u062f \u0628\u0627\u062d\u0650\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u064f\u0624\u0631\u0651\u0650\u062e\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0633\u062c\u0651\u0650\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0628\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0634\u0650\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0628\u0639\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0631\u0627\u062b. \u0623\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0639\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062c\u0633\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629. \u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0639\u064f\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0623\u0633\u0651\u064e\u0633\u0648\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u062b\u0644\u0651\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u064e\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0631\u0623\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062b\u0645 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a \u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0642\u0648\u0633 \u0642\u0632\u062d \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u064e\u0631 \u062d\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0633\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0651\u0648\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0633\u0647\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0645\u0651\u0627\u0647 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0650\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a&#8221;.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0646\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0633\u0648\u0631 \u0631\u064f\u0634\u062f\u064a \u0631\u0627\u0634\u062f \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0632 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627: \u062c\u0627\u0626\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629\u061b \u0648\u0650\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u062c\u0648\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u064e\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629\u061b \u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u0644\u0643\u0633\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0643\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u061b \u062c\u0627\u0626\u0632\u0629 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0651\u061b \u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u0643\u0648\u061b \u062c\u0627\u0626\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u064e\u064a\u062e \u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u061b \u062c\u0627\u0626\u0632\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0651\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0651\u0629\u061b \u062c\u0627\u0626\u0632\u0629 Kenneth O. May \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u062a\u0647 &#8220;\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0634\u0647\u0650\u062f \u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0631\u0641\u0647&#8221; \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u062a\u062c\u0644\u0651\u064e\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u064a\u0642\u064a\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651 \u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0623\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #008080;\"><strong>\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0651\u0629<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0623\u062a\u0630\u0643\u0651\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0637\u0631\u060c \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0639\u0648\u062a\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u064e\u0648\u062d\u0629. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0639\u0647 \u062d\u062f\u062b\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0651\u064b\u0627\u060c \u064a\u0641\u064a\u0636 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0637\u0645\u0623\u0646\u064a\u0646\u0629. \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0651\u064e\u064a\u062a \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0637\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0634\u0639\u0631\u062a \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0636\u0639 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b\u0646\u0627. \u0648\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u00a0&#8220;\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0631\u0627\u062b&#8221; \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062b\u0645\u060c \u0623\u064a\u0642\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u064f\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0651\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u0651\u0629.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u064e\u0648\u062d\u0629. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0636\u0631 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0636\u0631 \u0642\u0631\u064a\u062a\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u062d\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642\u060c \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631: \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0634\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0651\u063a\u064a\u0631.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0639\u0644\u0651\u064e\u0645\u0646\u064a \u0631\u064f\u0634\u062f\u064a \u0631\u0627\u0634\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0635\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0651\u064e\u0645\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0643\u0633\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a. \u0643\u0646\u062a \u0623\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630\u0647\u060c \u0623\u062a\u0634\u0628\u0651\u064e\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0643\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0631\u062c \u0628\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0646\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0651\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0628\u0651\u064e\u0647 \u0628\u0635\u062f\u0642.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0651\u062f\u064a\u0642 \u0639\u0646 \u0631\u0641\u064a\u0642\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0634\u0642 \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u0628\u0651\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631. \u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628\u064a \u0646\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0637\u0641\u0626\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0651 \u064a\u0642\u064a\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0651\u0646\u0627 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0623\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #008080;\">\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u064f\u0634\u062f\u064a \u0631\u0627\u0634\u062f\u2026 \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0635\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645: \u0639\u0644\u0651\u064e\u0645\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0639\u0634\u0642 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0647\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u0648\u062a.<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter  wp-image-47406\" src=\"https:\/\/arsco.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Picture2-2-300x205.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"585\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https:\/\/arsco.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Picture2-2-300x205.jpg 300w, https:\/\/arsco.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Picture2-2.jpg 624w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 585px) 100vw, 585px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628: <a href=\"mailto:mhammamf@gmail.com\">mhammamf@gmail.com<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-embedded-content\" data-secret=\"STmOlJy0aR\"><p><a href=\"https:\/\/arsco.org\/articles\/article-detail-45155\/\">\u0645\u062d\u0627\u062f\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0631\u0634\u062f\u064a \u0631\u0627\u0634\u062f<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><iframe class=\"wp-embedded-content\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" style=\"position: absolute; visibility: hidden;\" title=\"&#8220;\u0645\u062d\u0627\u062f\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0631\u0634\u062f\u064a \u0631\u0627\u0634\u062f&#8221; &#8212; ARSCO\" src=\"https:\/\/arsco.org\/articles\/article-detail-45155\/embed\/#?secret=PixNRTmSwm#?secret=STmOlJy0aR\" data-secret=\"STmOlJy0aR\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-embedded-content\" data-secret=\"ReT0ctz3J4\"><p><a href=\"https:\/\/arsco.org\/articles\/article-detail-44667\/\">\u0631\u0634\u062f\u064a \u0631\u0627\u0634\u062f \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0647 \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><iframe class=\"wp-embedded-content\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" style=\"position: absolute; visibility: hidden;\" title=\"&#8220;\u0631\u0634\u062f\u064a \u0631\u0627\u0634\u062f \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0647 \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647&#8221; &#8212; ARSCO\" src=\"https:\/\/arsco.org\/articles\/article-detail-44667\/embed\/#?secret=3anuSn3eMD#?secret=ReT0ctz3J4\" data-secret=\"ReT0ctz3J4\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-embedded-content\" data-secret=\"jDg8jyfvNE\"><p><a href=\"https:\/\/arsco.org\/articles\/article-detail-16407\/\">\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629: \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0631\u0634\u062f\u064a \u0631\u0627\u0634\u062f \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u0627\u064b<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><iframe class=\"wp-embedded-content\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" style=\"position: absolute; visibility: hidden;\" title=\"&#8220;\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629: \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0631\u0634\u062f\u064a \u0631\u0627\u0634\u062f \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u0627\u064b&#8221; &#8212; ARSCO\" src=\"https:\/\/arsco.org\/articles\/article-detail-16407\/embed\/#?secret=80B7VYoIFr#?secret=jDg8jyfvNE\" data-secret=\"jDg8jyfvNE\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0},"tags":[15469,6036,11021,5875,5812],"class_list":["post-47394","articles","type-articles","status-publish","hentry","tag-15469","tag-tag-287","tag-tag-45266","tag-tag-126","tag-tag-63"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>\u0631\u0634\u062f\u064a \u0631\u0627\u0634\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0634\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a - ARSCO<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/arsco.org\/en\/articles\/article-detail-47394\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u0631\u0634\u062f\u064a \u0631\u0627\u0634\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0634\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a - ARSCO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\". \u0648\u064f\u0644\u0650\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0633\u0648\u0631\u00a0\u0631\u064f\u0634\u062f\u064a \u0631\u0627\u0634\u062f\u00a0\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1936\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0645\u064e\u0644 \u0634\u063a\u064e\u0641\u064e\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u064f\u0631\u0633\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0644\u064a\u064f\u0635\u0628\u0650\u062d \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644. \u0648\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0633\u0645\u0647 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0644\u0642\u064e \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0651\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0651\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0651\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u064e\u062a \u0628\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u062d\u062a\u0652\u0647 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u0644\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u0639\u0650\u0644\u0645\u0647 \u0648\u0625\u0633\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0647. \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u064f\u0646 \u0631\u064f\u0634\u062f\u064a \u0631\u0627\u0634\u062f \u0645\u062c\u0631\u0651\u062f [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/arsco.org\/en\/articles\/article-detail-47394\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"ARSCO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2025-09-29T10:10:57+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/arsco.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Articles-Detail-13.jpg\" \/><meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/arsco.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Picture2-2-300x205.jpg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"2 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/arsco.org\\\/en\\\/articles\\\/article-detail-47394\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/arsco.org\\\/en\\\/articles\\\/article-detail-47394\\\/\",\"name\":\"\u0631\u0634\u062f\u064a \u0631\u0627\u0634\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0634\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a - ARSCO\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/arsco.org\\\/en\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/arsco.org\\\/en\\\/articles\\\/article-detail-47394\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/arsco.org\\\/en\\\/articles\\\/article-detail-47394\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/arsco.org\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2025\\\/09\\\/Picture2-2-300x205.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2025-09-29T10:05:42+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2025-09-29T10:10:57+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/arsco.org\\\/en\\\/articles\\\/article-detail-47394\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/arsco.org\\\/en\\\/articles\\\/article-detail-47394\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/arsco.org\\\/en\\\/articles\\\/article-detail-47394\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/arsco.org\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2025\\\/09\\\/Picture2-2-300x205.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/arsco.org\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2025\\\/09\\\/Picture2-2-300x205.jpg\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/arsco.org\\\/en\\\/articles\\\/article-detail-47394\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/arsco.org\\\/en\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"\u0631\u0634\u062f\u064a \u0631\u0627\u0634\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0634\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/arsco.org\\\/en\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/arsco.org\\\/en\\\/\",\"name\":\"ARSCO\",\"description\":\"\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/arsco.org\\\/en\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"\u0631\u0634\u062f\u064a \u0631\u0627\u0634\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0634\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a - ARSCO","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/arsco.org\/en\/articles\/article-detail-47394\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"\u0631\u0634\u062f\u064a \u0631\u0627\u0634\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0634\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a - ARSCO","og_description":". \u0648\u064f\u0644\u0650\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0633\u0648\u0631\u00a0\u0631\u064f\u0634\u062f\u064a \u0631\u0627\u0634\u062f\u00a0\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1936\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0645\u064e\u0644 \u0634\u063a\u064e\u0641\u064e\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u064f\u0631\u0633\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0644\u064a\u064f\u0635\u0628\u0650\u062d \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644. \u0648\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0633\u0645\u0647 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0644\u0642\u064e \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0651\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0651\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0651\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u064e\u062a \u0628\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u062d\u062a\u0652\u0647 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u0644\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u0639\u0650\u0644\u0645\u0647 \u0648\u0625\u0633\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0647. \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u064f\u0646 \u0631\u064f\u0634\u062f\u064a \u0631\u0627\u0634\u062f \u0645\u062c\u0631\u0651\u062f [&hellip;]","og_url":"https:\/\/arsco.org\/en\/articles\/article-detail-47394\/","og_site_name":"ARSCO","article_modified_time":"2025-09-29T10:10:57+00:00","og_image":[{"url":"https:\/\/arsco.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Articles-Detail-13.jpg","type":"","width":"","height":""},{"url":"https:\/\/arsco.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Picture2-2-300x205.jpg","type":"","width":"","height":""}],"twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Est. reading time":"2 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/arsco.org\/en\/articles\/article-detail-47394\/","url":"https:\/\/arsco.org\/en\/articles\/article-detail-47394\/","name":"\u0631\u0634\u062f\u064a \u0631\u0627\u0634\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0634\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a - ARSCO","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/arsco.org\/en\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/arsco.org\/en\/articles\/article-detail-47394\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/arsco.org\/en\/articles\/article-detail-47394\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/arsco.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Picture2-2-300x205.jpg","datePublished":"2025-09-29T10:05:42+00:00","dateModified":"2025-09-29T10:10:57+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/arsco.org\/en\/articles\/article-detail-47394\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/arsco.org\/en\/articles\/article-detail-47394\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/arsco.org\/en\/articles\/article-detail-47394\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/arsco.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Picture2-2-300x205.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/arsco.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Picture2-2-300x205.jpg"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/arsco.org\/en\/articles\/article-detail-47394\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/arsco.org\/en\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"\u0631\u0634\u062f\u064a \u0631\u0627\u0634\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0634\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/arsco.org\/en\/#website","url":"https:\/\/arsco.org\/en\/","name":"ARSCO","description":"","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/arsco.org\/en\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/arsco.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/articles\/47394","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/arsco.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/articles"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/arsco.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/articles"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arsco.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=47394"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/arsco.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=47394"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arsco.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=47394"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}