{"id":47101,"date":"2025-08-30T04:33:40","date_gmt":"2025-08-30T01:33:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/arsco.org\/?post_type=articles&#038;p=47101"},"modified":"2025-08-30T11:58:17","modified_gmt":"2025-08-30T08:58:17","slug":"%d9%85%d8%b5%d8%a7%d8%af%d9%81%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%ba%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a8%d8%a9-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%aa%d8%a7%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%ae-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%85-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%a1","status":"publish","type":"articles","link":"https:\/\/arsco.org\/en\/articles\/article-detail-47101\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0641\u0627\u062a \u063a\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621"},"content":{"rendered":"<p dir=\"rtl\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #008080;\">\u062a\u062a\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0648\u0641\u0627\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0647\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u063a\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0641. \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0640 \u0631\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0640 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0648\u064f\u0644\u062f \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062c\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0651\u0642 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0645:\u00a0\u00ab\u0623\u064a\u0651 \u062d\u0642\u0651 \u0631\u064f\u0641\u0639 \u0648\u0623\u064a\u0651 \u0628\u0627\u0637\u0644 \u0648\u064f\u0636\u0639\u00bb.<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u062a 30 \u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633\u060c \u0641\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0648\u064f\u0644\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #008080;\"><strong>\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0631<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646\u060c \u062d\u0631\u0635\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0631 \u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0631 \u0625\u0633\u062d\u0627\u0642 \u0646\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0640&#8221;\u0631\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621&#8221; 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\u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0640&#8221;\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u0627\u0626\u0628&#8221; \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0634.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u063a\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0631\u0630\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u064a\u0648\u0645 30 \u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 1871\u0645\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0637\u0645\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1940\u0645.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #008080;\"><strong>\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0631\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0648 \u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0646\u061b \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0648\u064f\u0644\u062f \u0646\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0646 \u0641\u064a 4 \u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631 1643\u0645\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0641\u0627\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0648 \u0641\u064a 8 \u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631 1642\u0645. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0648\u0641\u0627\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0648 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 (8 \u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631) \u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0633\u062a\u064a\u0641\u0646 \u0647\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0646\u062c\u060c \u0639\u0627\u0645 1942\u0645\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629. \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0646\u062c \u064a\u0648\u0645 14 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 2018\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0623\u064a\u0646\u0634\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1879\u0645.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0628\u0644\u063a\u0647 \u0643\u0644\u0651\u064c \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0646\u0634\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0647\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0646\u062c \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646 76 \u0633\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0645 14 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0628\u0627\u064a (\u03c0)&#8221; \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0625\u0644\u0649 3.14\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u062c\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 14\/3 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0647 \u0648\u0628\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0623\u064a\u0646\u0634\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #008080;\"><strong>\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u0627\u0626\u0628<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u062c\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0646\u062c\u062f \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u0642\u0641\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u00a0Annus Mirabilis \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u0627\u0626\u0628.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #008080;\"><strong>1932<\/strong><strong>\u0645 (\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621<\/strong><strong>):<\/strong>\u00a0\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0634 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649:<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: right;\">&#8211; \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u062c\u064a\u0645\u0633 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0643 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646.<br \/>\n&#8211; \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0643\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0641\u062a \u0648\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629.<br \/>\n&#8211; \u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u0643\u064a\u062a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0643\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0632\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #008080;\"><strong>1665<\/strong><strong>\u0645 (\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0646\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u064a\u0628\u0629)<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong> <\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631 \u0646\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0648\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0628 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u0651\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0630\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0631 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #008080;\"><strong>1905<\/strong><strong>\u0645 (\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0646\u0634\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u064a\u0628\u0629): <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #333399;\">\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0646\u0634\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0623\u062d\u062f\u062b\u062a \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646\u062a:<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">&#8211; \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a (\u0646\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0626\u0632\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u0628\u0644).<br \/>\n&#8211; \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629.<br \/>\n&#8211; \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631\u0629 (E = mc\u00b2).<br \/>\n&#8211; \u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #008080;\">\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u064f\u0641\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2005\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0646\u0634\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621&#8221;. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u0645\u064a\u062a \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 (\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0646\u0634\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0646).<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628:<\/span> <a href=\"mailto:ahalgamdy@gmail.com\">ahalgamdy@gmail.com<\/a><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><span style=\"color: #00ff00;\">\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628<\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-embedded-content\" 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