{"id":46756,"date":"2025-07-28T11:49:49","date_gmt":"2025-07-28T08:49:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/arsco.org\/?post_type=articles&#038;p=46756"},"modified":"2025-07-28T11:49:49","modified_gmt":"2025-07-28T08:49:49","slug":"%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3%d8%ad%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%a1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af%d9%82%d9%8a%d9%82%d8%a9-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3%d9%85%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b6","status":"publish","type":"articles","link":"https:\/\/arsco.org\/en\/articles\/article-detail-46756\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636"},"content":{"rendered":"<p dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #008080;\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064c \u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a \u0648\u062e\u0628\u064a\u062b\u064c \u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 (Microbiology) \u0648\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u062d\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0630\u0628\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0643\u0640&#8221;\u0633\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621&#8221;\u060c \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647. \u064a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636 (Pathology) \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0634\u062d\u0627\u064b \u062e\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u062d\u060c \u0648\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0623\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u0633\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0639.<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #008080;\"><strong>1.1 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629: \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0629<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u064f\u0635\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0623\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n<ol dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627<\/strong> (Bacteria): \u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u064f\u0645\u0652\u0631\u0650\u0636. \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0631\u0634\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645:<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0629 (<em>Bacillus anthracis<\/em>): \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u064a\u062b\u0629 (Anthrax).<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 (<em>Yersinia pestis<\/em>): \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0648\u0646 (Plague).<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 (<strong>Francisella tularensis<\/strong>): \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627 (Tularemia).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\" start=\"2\">\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0627\u062a<\/strong> (Viruses): \u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u062d\u064a \u0645\u0636\u064a\u0641. \u062a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639. \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629:<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u064a (Variola virus): \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u064a (Smallpox).<\/li>\n<li>\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0641\u064a\u0629 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0625\u064a\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0627 Ebola virus, \u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0631\u063a Marburg virus).<\/li>\n<li>\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u063a (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0641\u0646\u0632\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0644\u064a Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus \u2013 VEE).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\" start=\"3\">\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629<\/strong> (Biological Toxins): \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062d\u064a\u0629 (\u0628\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062d\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a). \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0631. \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0645\u0648\u0645:<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0645 (Botulinum toxin): \u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0647 \u0628\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0634\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 (<em>Clostridium botulinum<\/em>). \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0646 (Ricin): \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0639 (Ricinus communis).<\/li>\n<li>\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0646 (Saxitoxin): \u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0647 \u0637\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0633\u0627\u0645\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\" start=\"4\">\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/strong> (Fungi): \u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 (\u0641\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0645\u0631\u0636\u0629) \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u062f\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644. \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u062a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0623\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0636\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u062a\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/strong> (Rickettsiae): \u0628\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0649 \u0643\u064a\u0648 <em>(Coxiella burnetii<\/em>).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #008080;\"><strong>1.2 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u062d: \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u064f\u0645\u0652\u0631\u0650\u0636 \u0623\u0648 \u0633\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u064b \u0628\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b. \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u063a\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 (\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064b):<\/p>\n<ol dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 <\/strong><strong>(High Virulence\/Potency)<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u00a0<\/strong>\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0645\u0631\u0636 \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0646 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0625\u064a\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0627). \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0648\u0645\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 (\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0629 LD50).<\/p>\n<ol dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\" start=\"2\">\n<li><strong>\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644<\/strong><strong> (Transmissibility)<\/strong>:<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u0648\u064a) \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637 (\u0645\u0627\u0621\u060c \u063a\u0630\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0646\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0644). \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0648\u0649 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0648\u0645).<\/p>\n<ol dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\" start=\"3\">\n<li><strong>\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629<\/strong><strong> (Incubation Period): <\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0636. \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629&#8221; \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641:<\/p>\n<ul dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0627\u064b (1-6 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645) \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0648\u0645).<\/li>\n<li>\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0637\u0648\u0644 (1-2 \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0639 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631) \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0641\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0648\u0645 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\" start=\"4\">\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a (Stability):<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 (\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u064a\u0641) \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0647. \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u064a\u062b\u0629 (\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0645) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0648\u0645 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0641\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u062f) \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a. \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<ol dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\" start=\"5\">\n<li><strong>\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0628\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 <\/strong><strong>(Producibility):<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639\u0647 \u0628\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0627\u064b. \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0647\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628.<\/p>\n<ol dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\" start=\"6\">\n<li><strong>\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644<\/strong><strong> (Deliverability): <\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0646\u0634\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0631\u0630\u0627\u0630 \u062c\u0648\u064a \u2013 aerosol \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0633\u062d\u0648\u0642\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621\/\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0621).<\/p>\n<ol dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\" start=\"7\">\n<li><strong>\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0644\u0642\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0647\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639<\/strong><strong> (Lack of Effective Countermeasures): <\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0630\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0645\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0636\u062f\u0647.<\/p>\n<ol dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\" start=\"8\">\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a<\/strong><strong> (Resilience): <\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 (\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0641\u0627\u0641) \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629\/\u0645\u0636\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0627\u062a (\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629).<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #008080;\"><strong>1.3 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0648\u0649: \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0648<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636 \u0648\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u062d. \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627:<\/p>\n<ol dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0642<\/strong><strong> (Inhalation): <\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u062d. \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b (aerosol) \u062a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0634\u0642 \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u062a\u064a\u0646. \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639:<\/p>\n<ul dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u064a\u062b\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629).<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u0648\u064a.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u064a.<\/li>\n<li>\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0641\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0648\u0645 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0634\u0642).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0647\u0648 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0631\u0630\u0627\u0630 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631.<\/p>\n<ol dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\" start=\"2\">\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0639<\/strong><strong> (Ingestion): <\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062a\u0644\u0648\u064a\u062b \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644. \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0636\u0645\u064a \u0645\u062b\u0644:<\/p>\n<ul dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0631\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0641\u0648\u0626\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u063a\u064a\u0644\u0627 (\u0632\u062d\u0627\u0631).<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0648\u0645 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0646).<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u064a\u062b\u0629 (\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642). \u0623\u0633\u0647\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0623\u0628\u0637\u0623 \u0648\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\" start=\"3\">\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629<\/strong><strong> (Dermal\/Mucosal Absorption):<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u062f: \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0629 (\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u062f \u0645\u062c\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0627\u064b)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0629 (\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631)\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0648\u0645.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0641 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0645: \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0630\u0627\u0630 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0629. \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\" start=\"4\">\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0646<\/strong><strong> (Injection): <\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u063a\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0642\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0638\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0629. \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n<ol dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\" start=\"5\">\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/strong><strong> (Vectors): <\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a (\u0628\u0631\u0627\u063a\u064a\u062b\u060c \u0628\u0639\u0648\u0636\u060c \u0642\u0631\u0627\u062f) \u0623\u0648 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636. \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0648\u0646 (\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u063a\u064a\u062b). \u0635\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #008080;\"><strong>1.4 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636: \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0628\u0639\u062f \u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a\u060c \u064a\u0633\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b:<\/p>\n<ol dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636<\/strong><strong> (Exposure):<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644.<\/li>\n<li>\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0646\u0629 (Incubation Period):<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0648\u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0636. \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u0645 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629. \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0637\u064a \u0645\u0647\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0648\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0635\u0639\u0628\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n<ol dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\" start=\"3\">\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/strong><strong> (Prodromal Phase)<\/strong>:<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0649\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0634\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0639\u060c \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0636\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u063a\u062b\u064a\u0627\u0646. \u062a\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0623\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0641\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0632\u0627. \u062a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631.<\/p>\n<ol dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\" start=\"4\">\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 (Specific-Illness Phase):<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0641\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0636\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0644\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0645).<\/p>\n<ol dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\" start=\"5\">\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 (Outcome):<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0627\u0621 (\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u062d\u0648\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0628 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062f)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0629. \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #008080;\"><strong>1.5 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0644\u0640 &#8220;\u0633\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621&#8221;: \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u061f<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0643\u0633\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621&#8221; \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0647\u0627:<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0629 (\u0643\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u064a\u062b\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627) \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a. \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639. \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629: <\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a. \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0643\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0641\u064a:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0642\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0644\u0623\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0621) \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0647 \u0628\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0647\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u0629 (\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629). \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0641\u0634\u064a \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636. \u064a\u0645\u0646\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0648\u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062f \u0635\u0639\u0628\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u00a0 <\/strong><strong>\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0634\u0644\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0630\u0639\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0630\u0628\u0629.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #008080;\"><strong>\u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0648\u062c\u0632<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0647\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a. \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0631\u0636\u0629 (\u0628\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0633\u0645\u0648\u0645)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u062d (\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0643\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a)\u060c \u0648\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 (\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0639\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0633) \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0641\u0643 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f. \u062a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0630\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627: \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u0645\u0631 (\u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0644 \u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644) \u0628\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629. \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u062d\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: rtl;\"><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Kortepeter, M. G., Parker, G. W. (Eds.). (2017). Biological Warfare: A Historical Perspective.<\/li>\n<li>Medical Aspects of Biological Warfare. Office of The Surgeon General.<\/li>\n<li>Deadly Cultures: Biological Weapons since 1945. Harvard University Press.<\/li>\n<li>The Chilling True Story of the Largest Covert Biological Weapons Program in the World<\/li>\n<li>Preston, R. (2002). The Demon in the Freezer: A True Story. Random House<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17226\/24890\">National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (2018).<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08998280.2004.11928002\">Riedel, S. (2004). Biological warfare and bioterrorism: a historical review.<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Atlas, R. M. (2002). Bioterrorism: From threat to reality.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9241546158\">Public health response to biological and chemical weapons: WHO guidance.\u00a0<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/emergency.cdc.gov\/agent\/agentlist-category.asp\">US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Emergency Preparedness and Response.<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Murray, P. R., Rosenthal, K. S., Pfaller, M. A. (2021). Medical Microbiology (9th ed.). Elsevier.<\/li>\n<li>Ryan, K. J. (Ed.). (2017). Sherris Medical Microbiology (7th ed.).<\/li>\n<li>Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett\u2019s Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628:<\/span> <a href=\"mailto:elmanama_144@yahoo.com\">elmanama_144@yahoo.com<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0},"tags":[15377,15376,5934,15379,15378,8593,5857],"class_list":["post-46756","articles","type-articles","status-publish","hentry","tag-15377","tag-15376","tag-tag-185","tag-15379","tag-15378","tag-tag-2844","tag-tag-108"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - 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