{"id":16455,"date":"2024-01-28T12:11:21","date_gmt":"2024-01-28T12:11:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/arsco.org\/articles\/article-detail-32433\/"},"modified":"2024-01-28T12:11:21","modified_gmt":"2024-01-28T12:11:21","slug":"article-detail-32433","status":"publish","type":"articles","link":"https:\/\/arsco.org\/en\/articles\/article-detail-16455\/","title":{"rendered":"\u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633\u0647\u0627"},"content":{"rendered":"

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\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u200b<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n
 <\/div>\n
\n

\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0631\u0633\u0637\u0648 (384-322 \u0642.\u0645) "\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0646\u062a\u064e \u062a\u0631\u063a\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u064a \u0634\u064a\u0621\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0635\u064f\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0647". \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u062c\u062f \u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0647\u0645\u0647. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u062c\u0648\u0631\u064a (Florian Cajori<\/span>) \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 "\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a" (A History of mathematics<\/span>) \u0628\u062a\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0647 \u0644\u0645\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0634\u0631 (J.W. Glaisher<\/span>) \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631\u0629: "\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0623\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062e\u0633\u0631 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u0647\u0627".<\/p>\n

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\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u064c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0623\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0648\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062f\u0631\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0644 "\u0644\u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0644\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0631\u0642" \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u064f\u0646\u0633\u064e\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

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\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062d\u0635\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c "\u0625\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637"\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 "\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a" \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0647\u064a:<\/p>\n

1- \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629: \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u062a \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u063a\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

2- \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629: \u064a\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u062c\u0645 \u0630\u0647\u0628\u064d \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0636\u0628 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0630\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0632 \u0648\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064d \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0631\u0647\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629.<\/p>\n

3- \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629: \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

4- \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629: \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u064d \u0645\u0627\u060c \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0644\u0634\u0631\u062d\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0643\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0646 \u0641\u0642\u0637. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0625\u062b\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635.<\/p>\n

\n\u0645\u0632\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627<\/span><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645\u0651 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633\u0647\u0627. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0643 \u0633\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0632 (Swetz Franc J<\/span>) \u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u064a\u062b\u0631\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a. \u0641\u062a\u0636\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0636\u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0651\u064e\u0631\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062c\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645. \u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0627\u0643\u0648\u062f (1946-2018) \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631 \u062a\u064f\u062f\u0631\u0651\u064e\u0633 \u0643\u0634\u064a\u0621\u064d \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0651\u064e\u0645 \u0628\u0635\u062d\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064d \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064d \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u0644\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0648\u0642\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629\u064d \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0645\u0651\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0650\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0633\u062f\u0647\u0648 (Kulbir Singh Sidhu<\/span><\/a>) \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0648 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645. \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0636\u062d \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a:<\/p>\n

– \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064d \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u064f\u062a\u064e\u0642\u064e\u062f\u0651\u0650\u0645\u0629 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a.
\n– \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u064a\u064f\u062b\u064e\u0642\u0651\u0650\u0641 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0647 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u0648\u0642\u0647 \u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0635\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0632\u0648\u064a\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629.
\n– \u062a\u062d\u0630\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c.
\n– \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064d \u062c\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u0647\u0627.
\n– \u064a\u0644\u0641\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a\u064a\u0646.
\n– \u0625\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0632\u0621\u064c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u064a\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630\u0629 \u0639\u0631\u064a\u0636\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0644\u0651 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0647\u0645.
\n– \u064a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0645\u063a\u0632\u0649 \u0648\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629.
\n– \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629.
\n– \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u064a\u064f\u0645\u0643\u0651\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a.
\n– \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u064a\u062d\u0633\u0651\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0631\u062c \u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0647\u0627.
\n– \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u064a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0650\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u062a\u0634\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0641\u0644 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u064a\u0621\u064d \u0645\u0627.
\n– \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0642\u062f \u0646\u0645\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062d\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629.
\n– \u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0635 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645.
\n– \u0625\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0639\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0632\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649.
\n– \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0630\u0648\u0642 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u0643\u0631.<\/p>\n

\n\u0645\u0639\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633\u0647\u0627<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0651\u0628 \u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0644\u0651 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0644\u0648\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u062f. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u060c \u062d\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0628\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u0637 \u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627:<\/p>\n

1- \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0632\u0623\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0641\u062a\u0642\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629.
\n2- \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629.
\n3- \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062e\u0631\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a\u064d \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0627\u062a\u064d \u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u062f\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064d \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0642\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u063a\u0631\u0628\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629.
\n4- \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0644 \u062a\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0637 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647.
\n5 -\u0642\u062f \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0624 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0651\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u0633\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645.<\/p>\n

\n\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633\u0647\u0627<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062d\u0635\u062a \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0638\u0645 (1927-2005) \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a:<\/p>\n

1- \u064a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0646\u0647:<\/p>\n

– \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f.
\n– \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f.<\/p>\n

2- \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u064a\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062b\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a.
\n3- \u064a\u0634\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629.
\n4- \u064a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0647.
\n5- \u064a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629.
\n6- \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u064a\u0646.
\n7- \u064a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a.
\n8- \u064a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629.
\n9- \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644: \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n

\n\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0628\u064a\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0647\u064a:<\/span><\/p>\n

– \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0632\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0630\u0628 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0634\u0637 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645.
\n– \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062a\u064f\u062f\u0631\u0651\u064e\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0631 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u062d \u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627.
\n– \u0625\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0631\u0631 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0623\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0642\u0631\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n

\u0625\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0630\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0648\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0648\u0627\u0628\u063a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0635\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0628\u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u0644\u0641\u0629\u064b \u0648\u0642\u0631\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0646\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0645\u0651\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062f\u0645\u062c\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/p>\n

1- \u0633\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0628\u0643\u0631 \u062e\u0627\u0644\u062f\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062f\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a 2019.
\n2- \u0639\u062a\u064a\u0642 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641\u060c \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0633\u0637\u064a\u0641\u060c 25\/10\/2018.<\/span>
\n3- \u0639\u0628\u0648\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u062f\u060c \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u0623\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0628\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 8\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f 66\u060c 2014.
\n4- \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u062f\u0631<\/a>\u060c \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f 2\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 2\u060c \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0644 1999\u060c \u0635 52-82.
\n5- \u0645\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0638\u0645\u060c \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062c\u0644\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 1978.
\n6- \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631<\/a>. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 6\u060c \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0644 2023.<\/p>\n

7- James K. Bidwell. Humanize your classroom with the history of mathematics, mathematics teachers, sep.,1993, PP.461-464.
\n8- Kulbir Singh Sidhu<\/a>. The teaching of mathematics; Third edition, New Delhi, Sterling Publishers Private Limited, 1989.<\/span>
\n9- Lachaud; Gilles. What we can get from history of mathematic, Fourth international congress on mathematical education, Ed. Zweng; M. and Others, Birkhauser Boston Inc. ,1983, PP.449-450
\n10- Swetz, Frank J. Using problems from the history of mathematics in classroom instruction, mathematics teachers, sep,1989, PP.368-377.<\/p>\n

\n <\/p>\n

\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628:<\/span> merabetmohamed02@gamil.com<\/a><\/p>\n

 
\n <\/p>\n

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