{"id":15772,"date":"2020-06-23T12:23:01","date_gmt":"2020-06-23T12:23:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/arsco.org\/articles\/article-detail-1655\/"},"modified":"2020-06-23T12:23:01","modified_gmt":"2020-06-23T12:23:01","slug":"article-detail-1655","status":"publish","type":"articles","link":"https:\/\/arsco.org\/en\/articles\/article-detail-15772\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 (1915-2020)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#008080;\">\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u062e\u0645\u0633 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0649 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&quot;\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646&quot; \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0644\u0627 \u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0647 \u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1921 \u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0626\u0632\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u0628\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648 \u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a. \u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0646\u0634\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 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\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062d\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1919 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f \u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0623\u0631\u062b\u0631 \u0625\u062f\u064a\u0646\u062c\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0643\u062f \u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624 \u0623\u064a\u0646\u0634\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0636\u062e\u0645\u0629 \u064a\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u064a\u0645.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0623\u0631\u0633\u0644 \u0623\u064a\u0646\u0634\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0641\u064a 25 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 1915 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631\u0629 &quot;\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629&quot; (<span dir=\"LTR\">The field equations of gravitation<\/span>) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0647. \u0648\u0646\u062c\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0637\u0627\u0631\u062f.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u062e\u0636\u0645 \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0634\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0637\u0626\u0629 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u063a\u0627\u0645\u0636\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u064a\u0646\u0634\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0635\u064a\u063a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0632\u062e\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u063a\u0627\u0645\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0642\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0648\u0649 \u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0641\u0642 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u064a\u0646\u0634\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#d89e30;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639&nbsp;\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul dir=\"ltr\">\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">S. Chandrasekhar, &ldquo;Einstein and General Relativity: Historical Perspectives.&rdquo; <em>American Journal of Physics<\/em> <strong>47<\/strong> (3) (1979), 212-217.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">J. Earman, M Janssen and J D Norton (eds.), <em>The Attraction of Gravitation: New Studies in the History of General Relativity<\/em> (Boston, 1993).<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">J. Eisenstaedt and A. J. Kox (eds.), <em>Studies in the History of General Relativity<\/em> (Boston, 1992).<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">J. Earman and C. Glymour, &ldquo;The gravitational Red Shift as a Test of General Relativity: History and Analysis.&rdquo; <em>Studies of History and Philosophy of Science<\/em> <strong>11<\/strong> (3) (1980), 175-214.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">D. Howard and J. Stachel (eds.), <em>Einstein and the History of General Relativity<\/em> (Boston, 1989).<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">J. Mehra, &ldquo;Origins of the Modern theory of Gravitation: The Historical Origins of the Theory of General Relativity from 1907 to 1919.&rdquo; <em>Bulletin de la Soci&eacute;t&eacute; Royale des Sciences de Li&egrave;ge<\/em> <strong>43<\/strong> (1974), 190-213.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">A. Pais, <em>&#39;Subtle is the Lord&#8230;&#39; <\/em><em>The Science and the Life of Albert Einstein<\/em> (Oxford, 1982).<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">J. J. Stachel, &ldquo;How Einstein Discovered General Relativity: A Historical Tale with Some Contemporary Morals.&rdquo; <em>General relativity and Gravitation<\/em> (Cambridge-New York, 1987), 200-208.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">C. Vilain, &ldquo;Spherical Coordinates in General Relativity from 1915 to 1960: A Physical Interpretation.&rdquo; <em>Studies in the History of General Relativity<\/em> (Boston, MA, 1992), 419-434.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\n<span style=\"color:#d89e30;\">\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628:<\/span> <a href=\"http:\/\/mohamed.abattouy@dohainstitute.org\">mohamed.abattouy@dohainstitute.org<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":0,"menu_order":804,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0},"tags":[13394,12707,13501,12706,13143],"class_list":["post-15772","articles","type-articles","status-publish","hentry","tag-13394","tag-12707","tag-13501","tag-12706","tag-13143"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - 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