{"id":15525,"date":"2019-01-02T01:14:25","date_gmt":"2019-01-02T01:14:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/arsco.org\/articles\/article-detail-1298\/"},"modified":"2019-01-02T01:14:25","modified_gmt":"2019-01-02T01:14:25","slug":"article-detail-1298","status":"publish","type":"articles","link":"https:\/\/arsco.org\/en\/articles\/article-detail-15525\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645"},"content":{"rendered":"<p dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#008080;\">\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0628\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0639\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 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\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 (\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629)\u060c \u0645\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629: \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644. \u0641\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0632\u0645 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u0631\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u062a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0643\u0644 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a. \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u062f \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0641\u0639\u0651\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0631\u0631\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629.<\/p>\n<ul dir=\"rtl\">\n<li>\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0623\u062e\u0648\u0630 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.arsco.org\/ebook-detail-252\">&quot;\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629&quot;<\/a><br \/>\n\t&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span dir=\"LTR\">&nbsp;[1]<\/span>\u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0637 \u0642\u062f \u0631\u0648\u0651\u0636\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645 <span dir=\"LTR\">1450<\/span> \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0635\u0631. \u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0634\u064a\u0651\u0642 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631:<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">Jaromir Malek, The Cat in Ancient Egypt, revised edition (London: British Museum Press, 2006), pp. 54-55.<\/p>\n<p><span dir=\"LTR\">[2]<\/span> \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u062f \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b. \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631:<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">Macleod [et al.], &ldquo;Making Waves: The Royal Navy&rsquo;s Management of Invention and Innovation in Steam Shipping, 1815-1832&rdquo;, History and Technology, vol. 16 (2000), pp. 307-333.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span dir=\"RTL\"><span style=\"color:#d89e30;\">\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628:<\/span> <\/span><a 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