{"id":15158,"date":"2017-09-23T00:20:45","date_gmt":"2017-09-23T00:20:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/arsco.org\/articles\/article-detail-798\/"},"modified":"2025-07-28T13:55:52","modified_gmt":"2025-07-28T10:55:52","slug":"article-detail-798","status":"publish","type":"articles","link":"https:\/\/arsco.org\/en\/articles\/article-detail-15158\/","title":{"rendered":"\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0648\u064a"},"content":{"rendered":"

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\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0634\u0627\u0621<\/span><\/p>\n

\u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0643\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0633 (Biology \u2013online Dictionary)\u00a0 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u062a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 (diffusible) \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627. \u0648 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062d\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0648\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0648 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645 (Na+)\u00a0 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u062a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645 (K+) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645 (Ca2+). \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631 ( Cl-) \u0648\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649.<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0634\u0627\u0621\u061f<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0628\u0643\u0644 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u064a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u0627\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0642\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0637\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u064a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643\u00a0 \u0634\u062d\u0646\u0629 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u062e\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 (electrogenic pumps) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644: (Na+\/K+-ATPase and Ca++ transport pumps).<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u064a<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0642\u0646\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u062a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u0648\u0628\u0629nongated \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644. \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0626\u0630\u064d \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0632\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0645\u0644\u062a.<\/p>\n

\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0628 Repolarization<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u0646\u0632\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062e\u0636\u0639\u062a \u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062d\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0628\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062f (refractory period) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632\u0629 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b \u062a\u063a\u0644\u0642 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0642\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u062a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631. \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0642\u0645\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062d\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u062a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u062a\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0636 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0642\u0635\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649.<\/p>\n

\u0641\u0631\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0628 hyperpolarization<\/span><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u062a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u062a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 Ek. \u064a\u0639\u0627\u062f \u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0643\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0625\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064e.<\/p>\n

\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062e\u0636\u0639 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0648\u064a<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0643\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062e\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0629 Resting Potential: \u0643\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u063a\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0629 (PMP) \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629\u00a0 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0629. \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u063a\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u062a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u0642\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0628 (Leak) \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0648\u062a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645. \u0648\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0636\u062e\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u062a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0636\u062e \u0643\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u062c \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0647\u0645\u0627\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0642\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0628\u00a0 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a. \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u062e\u0648\u062e\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u063a\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a. \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0637\u064a\u062f \u0643\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062e\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u062a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0639\u0632\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 (Bernstein) \u0643\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u063a\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u063a\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u062a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u062a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u062a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u062a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062e\u0627\u0621 (\u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629) \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u062a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0639\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062d\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628\u0629. \u0625\u0646 \u0642\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u063a\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0629. \u0625\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0633\u0627\u0645\u062d\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0643\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062e\u0627\u0621. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062e\u0627\u0621 \u064a\u064f\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a. \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062e\u0627\u0621 \u064a\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0645\u0649 Goldman\u2013Hodgkin\u2013Katz voltage equation.<\/p>\n

\u0643\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 Action Potential<\/span><\/p>\n

\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0627\u064b. \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0626\u0630 \u062a\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0642\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u062a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0644\u062f\u0629 \u0634\u062d\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0646\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0642\u0645\u0629 \u0646\u0632\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0628 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645 ENa \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0637\u0649 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 (Nernst) \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0625\u0646 \u0641\u062a\u062d \u0642\u0646\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0643\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644. \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0631\u0645\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0633\u0628 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0648 \u0643\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644.<\/p>\n

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\u0643\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 Equilibrium potentials<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0629 (Voltohmeters) \u0648\u0645\u0637\u064a\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0629 (impedance spectroscopy) \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0648\u062c\u062f \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0642.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0648\u064a<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c Hodgkin-Huxley<\/span><\/p>\n

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(Hodgkin\u2013Huxley) \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0641 \u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0648 \u064a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0646 conductances GNa \u060cGK \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0642 (\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u062a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0628 (leak) GLk \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0648 \u0643\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0634\u0627\u0621. \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641\u0629 C \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0632\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a\u00a0 \u0643\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 (E) \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0648 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0646 ENa\u060c EK\u060c\u00a0 VLk \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f (\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0648\u0646) \u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0648 \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0648 \u0643\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0629. \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 (IS) \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644. \u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0637\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n

\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c FitzHugh\u2013Nagumo<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0641 1950 \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 FitzHugh \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0636 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u00a0 Hodgkin \u2013 Huxley \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0630\u0648 \u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0631. \u0648\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0648\u0628\u0629 gating n\u060ch \u062a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0637\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 m \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0628\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0648\u0646. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0628\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0631 (\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u064a\u0621 \u2013\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639).<\/p>\n

\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 Cable Theory (Passive Conduction)<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062f \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631 neurites \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0635\u0646\u0627\u062a dendrites \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0628\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064asynaptic \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0648\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u0635\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0646. \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0643\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0647\u0646 attenuation \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062f\u0641\u0639\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 Hermann \u0644\u064a\u0646\u0633\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0641 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0642\u0648\u062f\u0629 lossy.<\/p>\n

\u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/p>\n