{"id":14898,"date":"2017-08-06T04:04:02","date_gmt":"2017-08-06T04:04:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/arsco.org\/articles\/article-detail-515\/"},"modified":"2017-08-06T04:04:02","modified_gmt":"2017-08-06T04:04:02","slug":"article-detail-515","status":"publish","type":"articles","link":"https:\/\/arsco.org\/en\/articles\/article-detail-14898\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0645 .. \u0641\u0645\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u061f"},"content":{"rendered":"<p dir=\"RTL\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#008080;\"><span dir=\"RTL\">\u0633\u0627\u0631\u062a&nbsp;\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0628\u0627 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u062a\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a 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\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a (\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u0623\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0648\u0631\u0646\u062a\u0633<\/span> <span dir=\"RTL\">\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 (4)\u060c \u0648 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f 1853\u060c \u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0626\u0632\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u0628\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1902 \u0645\u0639 (\u0628\u064a\u062a\u0631 \u0632\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646)\u060c \u0648 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0622\u064a\u0646\u0634\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0648\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1928<\/span>.<span dir=\"RTL\"> \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648 \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0630\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0639\u060c (\u0623\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0622\u064a\u0646\u0634\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0646<\/span><span dir=\"RTL\">\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1879\u060c \u0648 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u0627\u0632 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1921 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0626\u0632\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u0628\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648 \u0644\u0647 \u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u060c \u0648 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0624 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0631\u0641\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u0637\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 (\u0622\u064a\u0646\u0634\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0646) \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0648\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1955<\/span>.<span dir=\"RTL\">\u0648\u064a\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0628\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u063a\u0641\u0646<\/span><span dir=\"RTL\">\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 (6)\u060c \u0648\u0644\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1872\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648 \u064a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0631. \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0648\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1946<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p><span dir=\"RTL\">\u064a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633\u0631\u064a (\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0633 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u064a<\/span> <span dir=\"RTL\">\u060c \u0648 \u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 (7)\u060c \u0648\u0644\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0645 1866\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0622\u064a\u0646\u0634\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u0647\u060c \u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 200 \u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0630\u0627\u0639 \u0635\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0639 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dir=\"RTL\"> \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648 \u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 (9) \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0639 (\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0632 \u0631\u064a\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0633\u0648\u0646<\/span> )<span dir=\"RTL\">\u060c \u0648\u0644\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0645 1879\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0648\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1959\u060c \u0648 \u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0626\u0632\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u0628\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0627\u0645&nbsp; 1928 \u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p><span dir=\"RTL\">\u062b\u0645 \u0646\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648 \u0646\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644 \u0631\u0642\u0645 (10)\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u062a\u0631 \u062f\u064a\u0628\u064a<\/span><span dir=\"RTL\">\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1884\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0626\u0632\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u0628\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1936\u060c \u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0648\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1966<\/span>.<span dir=\"RTL\"> \u062b\u0645 \u064a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 (\u0645\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0646 \u0643\u0646\u0648\u062f\u0633\u0646<\/span>&nbsp; <span dir=\"RTL\">\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 (11)\u060c \u0648\u0644\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0645 1871\u060c \u0648 \u064a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0628\u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0643\u0646\u0648\u062f\u0633\u0646\u060c \u0648 \u064a\u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0644\u0647<\/span> (Kn)<span dir=\"RTL\">\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u064a (\u0644\u0628\u0633 \u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f ) \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0648\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1949<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p><span dir=\"RTL\">\u0648\u064a\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a (\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0631\u0646\u0633 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u063a<\/span><span dir=\"RTL\">\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 (12)\u060c \u0648 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0645 1890\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0626\u0632\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u0628\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1915 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0639 (\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0647\u0646\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0627\u063a)\u060c \u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0648\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1971<\/span>.<span dir=\"RTL\"> \u064a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a (\u0647\u0627\u0646\u0632 \u0643\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0632<\/span> <span dir=\"RTL\">\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 (13)\u060c \u0648 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0645 1894\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0648\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1952<\/span>.<span dir=\"RTL\"> \u0648\u064a\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0628<\/span><span dir=\"RTL\"> \u0648\u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 (14) \u062e\u0644\u0641 \u0622\u064a\u0646\u0634\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064f\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0635\u063a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0644\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0645 1902\u060c \u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0631\u0647 (25) \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631\u060c \u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0626\u0632\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1933 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 (\u0625\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u062f\u0646\u063a\u0631)\u060c \u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u0647 \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0627\u062a \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u060c \u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0648\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1984<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p><span dir=\"RTL\">\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a (\u0622\u0631\u062b\u0631 \u0643\u0648\u0645\u0628\u062a\u0648\u0646<\/span><span dir=\"RTL\">\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 (15)\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f 1892\u060c \u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0626\u0632\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u0628\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1927\u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641\u0647 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0648\u0645\u0628\u062a\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0648\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1962<\/span>. <span dir=\"RTL\">\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 (\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0648\u064a \u062f\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0648\u064a<\/span> <span dir=\"RTL\">\u0648\u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 (16)\u060c \u0648\u0644\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0645 1892\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0628\u0631\u0639 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0622\u064a\u0646\u0634\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1929 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0626\u0632\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u0628\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0633\u0643\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u060c \u0648 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0648\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1987<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p><span dir=\"RTL\">\u064a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a (\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0633 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0646<\/span> )<span dir=\"RTL\">\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 (17)\u060c \u0648\u0644\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0645 1882\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0626\u0632\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u0628\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1954 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0648\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1970<\/span>.<span dir=\"RTL\">\u062b\u0645 \u064a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647 \u063a\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0622\u064a\u0646\u0634\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0648 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 (\u0646\u064a\u0644\u0632 \u0628\u0648\u0631<\/span><span dir=\"RTL\">\u060c \u0648 \u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 (18)\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u060c \u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0648\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1962<\/span>.<span dir=\"RTL\"> \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633\u0631\u064a (\u0623\u0648\u063a\u0633\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0643\u0631<\/span> )<span dir=\"RTL\">\u060c \u0648 \u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 (19)\u060c \u0648\u0644\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0645 1884\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0635\u0645\u0645 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u063a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0633\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062d\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1962\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0644\u0641 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0647 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u062f \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062c\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/span>. .<\/p>\n<p><span dir=\"RTL\">\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 (20) \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0625\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0647\u0646\u0631\u064a\u0648\u062a<\/span><span dir=\"RTL\">\u060c \u0648\u0644\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0645 1885\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0648\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1961<\/span>.<span dir=\"RTL\"> \u062b\u0645 \u064a\u0642\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a (\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0647\u0631\u0646\u0641\u0633\u062a<\/span>)<span dir=\"RTL\">\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 (21)\u060c \u0648\u0644\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0645 1880\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1933\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u063a\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0635\u0631\u0647<\/span>.<span dir=\"RTL\"> \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0643\u064a (\u0625\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0647\u064a\u0631\u0632\u0646<\/span> )<span dir=\"RTL\">\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 (22)\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0645 1877\u060c \u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648 \u0647\u0648 \u062d\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0633\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0647\u064a\u0631\u0632\u0646)\u060c \u062a\u0628\u0648\u0623 \u0623\u0631\u0642\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1921\u060c \u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1933<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p><span dir=\"RTL\">\u0648\u064a\u0642\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0643\u064a (\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0644 \u062f\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0631<\/span><span dir=\"RTL\">\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 (23)\u060c \u0648\u0644\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0645 1872\u060c \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0642 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1923 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1957<\/span>.<span dir=\"RTL\"> \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a (\u0625\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u062f\u0646\u063a\u0631<\/span> )<span dir=\"RTL\">\u060c \u0648 \u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 (24)\u060c \u0648\u0644\u062f 1887 \u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1961\u060c \u0648 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u0625\u0633\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u060c \u0648 \u0628\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 (\u0634\u0631\u0648\u062f\u0646\u063a\u0631)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0626\u0632\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u0628\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1933\u060c \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0635\u064a\u063a \u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0629<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p><span dir=\"RTL\">\u0648\u064a\u0642\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0643\u064a (\u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0633 \u0625\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0631\u0634\u0627\u0641\u0644\u062a<\/span> )<span dir=\"RTL\">\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 (25)\u060c \u0648\u0644\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0645 1870\u060c \u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1955\u060c \u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0635\u0631\u0647<\/span>.<span dir=\"RTL\"> \u062b\u0645 \u064a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a (\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u063a \u0628\u0627\u0648\u0644\u064a<\/span>)<span dir=\"RTL\">\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 (26)\u060c \u0648\u0644\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0645 1900\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1958\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648 \u062d\u0627\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0626\u0632\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u0628\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1945\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u0633\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645<\/span>.<span dir=\"RTL\"> \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a (\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0646\u0631 \u0647\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0631\u063a<\/span>)<span dir=\"RTL\">\u060c \u0648 \u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 (27)\u060c \u0648\u0644\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0645 1901\u060c \u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1976\u060c \u062d\u0627\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0626\u0632\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u0628\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1932\u060c \u0648 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1927. \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0635\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u063a\u0627\u0645\u0627<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p><span dir=\"RTL\">\u0648\u064a\u0642\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a (\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0647\u0627\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0641\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0631<\/span><span dir=\"RTL\">\u060c \u0648 \u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 (28)\u060c \u0648\u0644\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0645 1889\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1944\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0639\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0643 <\/span>.<span dir=\"RTL\"> \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 (\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0646<\/span><span dir=\"RTL\">\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 (29)\u060c \u0648\u0644\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0645 1889\u060c \u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1969\u060c \u064a\u0646\u062d\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062b\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062c\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p><span dir=\"RTL\">\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u062c\u0627\u0626\u0632\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u0628\u0644\u060c \u0648 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062c\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629 \u0643\u0646\u0648\u0632\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0632\u0627\u062e\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0646\u062d\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0648\u0636 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0628\u0629<\/span>.<span dir=\"RTL\"> \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a (\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u0623\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0648\u0631\u0646\u062a\u0633)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f (1928) \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0639\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631\u060c \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0635\u063a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0628<\/span><span dir=\"RTL\">\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0648\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1984\u060c \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0646\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0626\u0632\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u0628\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p><span dir=\"RTL\">\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0642\u062f\u0648\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0646\u062e\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0634\u064a\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0635\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629. \u0643\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0627 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0648\u0637\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648 \u0623\u0641\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0642. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0648\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a<\/span>.<span dir=\"RTL\"> \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0636 \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0635\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0648 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0648 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0635\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0628\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0642 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>\n<span style=\"color:#DAA520;\"><span dir=\"RTL\">\u0646\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span dir=\"RTL\">\u0646\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0648 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631. \u0648 \u0644\u0648 \u0631\u062c\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u062c\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639\u0637\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621. \u0648 \u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631<\/span>.<\/li>\n<li><span dir=\"RTL\">\u0646\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645<\/span>.<\/li>\n<li><span dir=\"RTL\">\u0646\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u062a \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062e\u0644\u0651\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e<\/span>.<\/li>\n<li><span dir=\"RTL\">\u0646\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0648 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0648 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0648 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0628\u0642\u064a \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0650\u0645 \u0648 \u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0648 \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0641 \u0641\u064a\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u062c\u0641\u0627\u0621<\/span>.<\/li>\n<li><span dir=\"RTL\">\u0646\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0650\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0632\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0650 \u0648 \u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647<\/span>.<\/li>\n<li><span dir=\"RTL\">\u0646\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a<\/span>.<\/li>\n<li><span dir=\"RTL\">\u0646\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0648 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\u0644\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0650 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/span>.<a id=\"1\" name=\"1\"><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span style=\"color:#6699ff;\"><span dir=\"RTL\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0628\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0643\u0627\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 &quot; <\/span><strong><span dir=\"RTL\">\u0632\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 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